fat metabolism

Choline is a ubiquitous water soluble nutrient, often associated with the B vitamins

Cyanocobalamin is a cobalt-containing coordination compound generated by intestinal microbes and a natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with Intrinsic Factor for absorption by the intestine. Cyanocobalamin is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA, and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions.

Biotin (Vitamin H) is a water-soluble B-vitamin and is necessary for cell growth, the production of fatty acids, and the metabolism of fats and amino acids.

Nicotinamide riboside increases NAD[+] levels and activates SIRT1 and SIRT3, culminating in enhanced oxidative metabolism and protection against high fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities.

L-Threonine (threonine) is an essential amino acid in humans,an important amino acid for the nervous system,L-Threonine also plays an important role in porphyrin and fat metabolism and prevents fat buildup in the liver. Useful with intestinal disorders and indigestion, threonine has also been used to alleviate anxiety and mild depression.

1. Berberine (Umbellatine) is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. 2. Berberine may as a broad-spectrum anti-microbial medicine, a complementary therapeutic agent for HIV AIDS. 3. Berberine seems to act as an herbal antidepressant and a neuroprotector against neurodegenerative disorders. 4. Berberine is used in histology for staining heparin in mast cells. As a natural dye, berberine has a colour index of 7516. 5. Berberine reduces hepatic fat content in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; also prevents proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are central for the development of fibrosis during liver injury. 6. Berberine can ameliorate proinflammatory cytokines-induced intestinal epithelial tight junction damage in vitro, and berberine may be one of the targeted therapeutic agents that can restore barrier function in intestinal disease states. 7. Berberine has antineoplastic effects, including breast cancer, leukemia, melanoma, epidermoid carcinoma, hepatoma, pancreatic cancer, oral carcinoma, tongue carcinoma, glioblastoma, prostate carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, etc.

Triarachidin (1,2,3-Trieicosanoyl Glycerol) is a triarachidic acid triglyceride. Triglycerides (TGs) are also known as triacylglycerols or triacylglycerides. TGs are the main constituent of vegetable oil and animal fats. TGs are major components of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicrons, play an important role in metabolism as energy sources and transporters of dietary fat. They contain more than twice the energy (9 kcal g) of carbohydrates and proteins.

10,12-Tricosadiynoic acid is a highly selective and orally active inhibitor of acyl-CoA oxidase-1 (ACOX1), which can treat high-fat diet- or obesity-induced metabolic diseases by improving mitochondrial lipid and ROS metabolism.

L-Hexanoylcarnitine is a form of acylcarnitine used as a supplement for athletes and fitness enthusiasts to enhance physical performance and promote fat metabolism.

Ibutamoren (MK-677) is a drug which acts as a potent, orally active growth hormone secretagogue, mimicking the GH stimulating action of the endogenous hormone ghrelin. It also alters the metabolism of body fat and so may have an application in the treatment of obesity.

AJS1669, an activator of muscle glycogen synthase, improves glucose metabolism and reduces body fat mass in mice.

Nicotinamide Riboside Triflate (SRT647 Triflate) is a natural NAD precursor that increases NAD levels, enhances oxidative metabolism and prevents obesity induced by a high-fat diet+, and can be used in studies of muscle atrophy.

YW1128 is an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with an IC50 value of 4.1 nM in a reporter assay.1 It decreases protein levels of β-catenin in the presence of the GSK3β inhibitor lithium chloride and increases protein levels of Axin1 in HEK293 cells. YW1128 decreases lipid accumulation and the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes in Huh7 cells. It decreases the hepatic expression of Wnt target genes, improves glucose tolerance, and prevents body weight increases and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice fed a high-fat diet, but not mice fed normal chow, when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg every other day for 11 weeks.References1. Obianom, O.N., Ai, Y., Li, Y., et al. Triazole-based inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway improve glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese mice. J. Med. Chem. 62(2), 727-741 (2019). YW1128 is an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with an IC50 value of 4.1 nM in a reporter assay.1 It decreases protein levels of β-catenin in the presence of the GSK3β inhibitor lithium chloride and increases protein levels of Axin1 in HEK293 cells. YW1128 decreases lipid accumulation and the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes in Huh7 cells. It decreases the hepatic expression of Wnt target genes, improves glucose tolerance, and prevents body weight increases and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice fed a high-fat diet, but not mice fed normal chow, when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg every other day for 11 weeks. References1. Obianom, O.N., Ai, Y., Li, Y., et al. Triazole-based inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway improve glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese mice. J. Med. Chem. 62(2), 727-741 (2019).

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α, δ, γ are ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis as well as insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Pharmacologies of PPARδ receptor agonists, though relatively obscure, have recently been reported to elevate high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and lower plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in obese insulin resistant rhesus monkeys. CAY10592 is a full PPARδ agonist (EC50 = 30 nM) in a fatty acid oxidation assay of rat L6 muscle cells with desirable oral pharmacokinetic properties. In a transactivation assay using human PPAR receptors, CAY10592 acts as a selective partial PPARδ agonist (EC50 = 53 nM) with no effect on PPARα or PPARγ activity up to 30 μM. Chronic treatment of high fat fed ApoB100/CETP-transgenic mice with CAY10592 at a dose of 20 mg/kg increases HDL levels, decreases LDL and TG levels, and improves insulin sensitivity.

Resveratrol-4'-O-D-Glucuronide has anti-fat accumulation properties, is metabolized by resveratrol, and can be used in metabolism-related studies.

Hydrocortisone phosphate is the pharmaceutical term for cortisol, which is a steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones, increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis, to suppress the immune system, and to aid in the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrate.

15-methyl Palmitic Acid is a methylated fatty acid that is widely found in animal lipids and may be involved in the regulation of fat metabolism.

Neomangiferin (Mangiferin 7-glucoside) has beneficial effects on high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Neomangiferin and mangiferin inhibit tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, a biochemical marker of osteoclast function and bone resorption.

Nicotinamide riboside tartrate (NRT) is an oral NAD+ precursor that raises NAD+ levels, activates SIRT1 and SIRT3, and serves as a vitamin B3 (niacin) source. NRT also improves oxidative metabolism and protects against metabolic abnormalities induced by a high-fat diet. Furthermore, NRT mitigates cognitive decline in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Nicotinamide riboside malate is an orally active NAD+ precursor that elevates NAD+ levels and stimulates the activity of SIRT1 and SIRT3. Functioning as a vitamin B3 (niacin) source, it augments oxidative metabolism and provides protection against metabolic abnormalities induced by a high-fat diet. Additionally, Nicotinamide riboside malate mitigates cognitive decline in a genetically modified mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Glycerol or glycerin is a colourless, odourless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and mostly non-toxic. It is widely used in the food industry as a sweetener and humectant and in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol is an important component of trigl

GKA50 quarterhydrate is a potent glucokinase activator with an EC50 value of 33 nM. This glucose-like activator of β-cell metabolism in rodent and human pancreatic islets is a Ca2+-dependent regulator of insulin secretion. It stimulates insulin secretion in mouse islets and significantly reduces blood glucose in high-fat-fed female rats.

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (porcine), also known as a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is a 42-amino acid intestinal hormone that influences fat and glucose metabolism [1].

ZTA-261 is a highly selective and low-toxicity agonist for the thyroid hormone receptor subtype β (THR-β), with an IC50 of 6.3 nM. It operates through the Liothyronine-mediated pathway to reduce body weight and visceral fat. This compound has applications in the study of lipid metabolism and obesity.